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International humanitarian law governs the conduct of participants in an armed conflict. In order to determine whether it applies to situations of violence it is necessary to assess first of all whether the situation amounts to an ‘armed conflict’. However, international humanitarian law does not recognize a unitary concept of armed conflict but, rather, recognizes two types of armed conflicts: international and non-international. This chapter examines the history of the distinction between these two categories of armed conflict, the consequences of the distinction and whether it still has validity. The chapter then discusses legal concepts relevant to the two categories, including the differences between a non-international conflict and other violence, extraterritorial hostilities by one State against a non-state armed group and conflicts in which multinational forces are engaged. All these concepts are relevant to the understanding of the case studies which are the focus of the rest of the book.

ISBN: 978-0-19-965775-9

Abstract: A theoretical examination of the principles on which English criminal law grounds liability or non-liability for omissions.

ISBN: 978-3-8487-0213-8

An examination of the European Court of Human Rights' tendency to give increasing weight to public interest considerations, moving away from older doctrines.

ISBN: 978-1-84946-124-5

An edited volume (with editors' introduction) on the insections between the criminal law and preventive justice, presenting arguments from leading international scholars.

ISBN: 978-0-19-965676-9

A principled analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on the admissbiility of evidence obtained through violation of a Convention rights.

ISBN: 9781849461726

Fourth edition of this textbook

ISBN: 9781408252703

The ultimate work for scholars, practitioners, and judges on private international law

ISBN: 9780414024533

This chapter explores the legal modesl used to provide for low cost home ownership and: a) Explains the legal frameworks used to deliver the main LCHO products available in England; b) Explores the potential benefits of home ownership to the individual in the form of wealth creation, “mainstreaming” and security of place; c) Sets out key additional policy objectives of LCHO, in particular introducing and supporting tenure mix (sustainable communities) and sustaining the opportunity for continued use of the subsidy to provide access to LCHO for intermediate income households; and d) Evaluates the extent to which the different products available deliver both the individual benefits of home ownership and support the wider policy objectives.

ISBN: 9781409438540

This chapter explores what the case of Manchester CC v Pinnock means In terms of the rhetoric of ownership and our doctrinal thinking about property rights. It is argued that it heralds a much more contextualised understanding of what it means to assert ownership of land and of how claims for the recovery of land should be resolved. It is these dimensions that are explored in this chapter

ISBN: 9781849462570

“Shared ownership” is used to provide an affordable route into home ownership. Yet there is a significant problem with the shared ownership scheme; as Richardson v Midland Heart [2008] L & TR 31 shows, in the event of the home “owner” falling into rent arrears, he or she may lose not simply his or her home, but also the equity in the property. This chapter examines whether there is some way of using existing legal principles to avoid this unjust outcome by either; first, protecting the use value of the home by relying on Convention rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 to prevent termination of the “shared ownership” lease; or, secondly, recouping the investment value of the home by using human rights law to enable the home “owner” to retain the equity even if the home is lost.

ISBN: 1849463212

This paper explains how empirical enquiry of the kind unburdened by the pursuit of a particular hypothesis or strict adherence to scientific methods, has much to offer in terms of developing our understanding of law and, in particular, the traditionally doctrinal field of property law, providing insights into the operation of law that cannot be learned from books alone. The argument is discussed in the context of an ongoing research project by the authors that investigates whether ‘non-financial’ considerations are taken into account during the process of housing possession, looking at both owner-occupied and rented housing. The project is a broad enquiry exploring the extent to which issues other than property rights and the ability to pay are considered when it comes to losing a home, that is, matters such as the welfare of children, health problems, community networks, attachment and so on. The study is not confined to the ultimate decision making stage, when the judge decides whether or not to order possession, but looks also at how non-financial factors inform decisions made earlier on, such as whether a mortgagee thinks that the time has come to issue possession proceedings. Although the study is of possession proceedings in England, and is based around the English legal system, the purpose of this paper is not to report on the research findings but to make a point of broader significance in relation to the role of empirical research within legal scholarship.

Comparison of English law on defects in consent in the formation of a contract with German law and European private law (the proposed Common European Sales Law and the Draft Common Frame of Reference).

ISBN: 9780199678907

Third edition of work originally published in 2002 (second edition 2007).

ISBN: 9780414049550

EU Labour Law is a concise, readable and thought-provoking introduction to the labour and employment law of the European Union. The book explores the subject’s major policy themes, examines the various procedures by which EU labour law is made, and analyses key topics such as worker migration, equality, working time and procedures for workers’ participation in employers’ decision-making. It sets the legal materials in their policy context and identifies the important issues which have shaped the development of EU labour law and are likely to determine its future, including the economic crisis and the debate about fundamental rights in the EU.

ISBN: 9781848449985

The TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), signed on April 15, 1994, introduced intellectual property protection into the World Trade Organization's multilateral trading system, and it remains the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property to date. A Neofederalist Vision of TRIPS by Graeme B. Dinwoodie and Rochelle C. Dreyfuss examines its interpretation, its impact on the creative environment, and its effect on national and international lawmaking. It propounds a vision of TRIPS as creating a neofederalist regime, one that will ensure the resilience of the international intellectual property system in time of rapid change. In this vision, WTO members retain considerable flexibility to tailor intellectual property law to their national priorities and to experiment with changes necessary to meet new technological and social challenges, but agree to operate within an international framework. This framework, while less powerful than the central administration of a federal government, comprises a series of substantive and procedural commitments that promote the coordination of both the present intellectual property system as well as future international intellectual property lawmaking. Part I demonstrates the centrality of state autonomy throughout the history of international negotiations over intellectual property. Part II, which looks at the present, analyzes the decisions of the WTO in intellectual property cases. It concludes that the WTO has been inattentive to the benefits of promoting cultural diversity, the values inherent in intellectual property, the rich fabric of its law and lore, the necessary balance between producers and users of knowledge goods, and the relationship between the law and the technological environment in which it must operate. Looking to the future, Part III develops a framework for integrating the increasingly fragmented international system and proposes the recognition of an international intellectual property acquis, a set of longstanding principles that have informed, and should continue to inform intellectual property lawmaking. The acquis would include both express and latent components of the international regime, put access-regarding guarantees such as user rights on a par with proprietary interests and enshrine the fundamental importance of national autonomy in the international system.

ISBN: ISBN13: 978019530461

This response to Barton Beebe explores whether contemporary experience in Europe supports the central arguments advanced by Beebe in The Supressed Misappropriation Origins of Trademark Antidilution Law. The development of E.U. law is largely consistent with the idea that dilution law is in part an effort to install a misappropriation regime, at least insofar as the objects of protection are trademarks with a reputation (increasingly, a smaller caveat as the scope of potential trademark subject matter expands and the reputation threshold falls). This has important local consequences: if dilution law is in truth is a law against misappropriation, the Court of Justice of the European Union has greater scope to contribute to the creation of a nascent European law of unfair competition. But examining recent European case law also suggests that understanding misappropriation as part of a broader system of unfair competition may moderate the formalist critique of misappropriation as wholly indeterminate and unlimited. Understood in its unfair competition milieu, a misappropriation-based concept of dilution retains some potential for measured delineation of the edges of protection.

This Chapter analyses one harmonisation project within European intellectual property law, namely, the recent development of trade mark law within the European Union (EU). It highlights several characteristics of trade mark harmonisation within the European Union. First, harmonisation of national trade mark laws in the Union has been “tight”. In this regard, for reasons that make sense in the European political and legal theatre, it is different from the international model of so-called “minimum rights” harmonisation that drove convergence of trade mark norms for the preceding century. Second, the Trade Mark Directive (with the aid of the Court of Justice and national courts) has effected almost total harmonisation of substantive trade mark law, belying the claims of limited harmonisation that are found in the recital to that Directive. Third, the Court of Justice has exhibited a tendency to limit any room for member state manoeuvre, for example, finding that even optional provisions of the Directive must be given a single European meaning. The Court has paid little attention to concerns of subsidiarity. Finally, additional pressure to find single European solutions results from the existence of a Trade Mark Regulation that creates a counterpart unitary regional right (the Community Trade Mark, or CTM) and attendant EU institutions to administer and enforce that right. This parallel EU-level regime tends to reinforce the idea that trade mark law has been wholly Europeanised, and exerts pressure on the content of Directive-driven national law because the demands of vertical coherence have trumped the potential benefits of regulatory competition between national and regional regimes. In short, there has over the past twenty years been an extensive and deep Europeanisation of trade mark law. But this in turn raises ongoing questions about how best to develop harmonised European principles, because harmonisation is a dynamic lawmaking process and not a static legislative instrument. In this Chapter, I consider how the process of harmonisation has affected the development of optimal principles of trade mark law, an analysis that is necessarily informed by substantive preferences. It is only by measuring harmonisation by reference to some form of substantive metric that a full assessment of the harmonisation process can be made. I suggest that it important to recognise the important role of national courts in the development of EU trade mark law (in part because of the nature of the field of law), and that paying attention to national legal traditions would assist the Court of Justice in improving the quality of European trade mark law.

A discussion of the issue of recognition of the family law of minority communities, with special reference to sharia law in England and Wales

ISBN: 978-1-78068-052-1

Proposes a strategy for state law when interacting with norms of minority communities within the state which reconciles the values of respecting cultural identity with commitment to individual human rights.

ISBN: 978-1-84946-400-0

In December 2012 Four Presidents of the European Union (of the European Council, the Commission, the Central Bank and the Eurogroup) issued a paper outlining steps for a ‘genuine monetary union’ promising among others better democratic accountability for its institutions. This essay asks if an entity like the European Union - and the Eurozone within it - can indeed become democratic. I distinguish between two approaches to democracy, first as collective self-government or, second, as set of egalitarian institutions. The essay argues that the German Federal Constitutional Court supports the first theory and for that reason is very cautious of the idea of bringing democracy to the European Union. The collective view believes that without a single people, there cannot be self-government. The second theory accepts the primacy of domestic democracy but allows, by contrast, for international institutions of democratic accountability that support domestic democracy. I offer some arguments for this view and conclude that the four Presidents are not mistaken in endorsing the ambition of democratic accountability for the Eurozone. The European Union is a union of peoples. A union of this kind can become more democratic without seeking to become a democracy.

Interpretation is a creative reasoning process of finding grounds for answering a question as to the meaning of some object. Deciding what is to be done according to law sometimes takes interpretation. But no need for interpretation arises, if no question arises as to the meaning of an object. And interpretation will not help to resolve a legal problem that does not depend on a conclusion as to the meaning of some object. Legal reasoning is not generally a matter of interpretation. I argue that each of the following aspects of legal reasoning need not involve interpretation: resolving indeterminacies as to the content of the law, working out the requirements of abstract legal provisions, deciding what is just, equitable interference with legal duties or powers or rights, and understanding the law.

ISBN: 978-0-415-87818-0

Chapter 2 of The Concept of Law is an accidental essay on the generality of law. Hart points out ways in which generality is a necessary feature of law. I point out ways in which his account can be made more complete, and I argue that law necessarily involves particularity as well as generality. Then I ask what ‘necessary’ means in all these claims. It is a popular idea that legal theorists should not try to identify necessary features of law; I argue that the popular idea is a mistake. I conclude by arguing that Hart should have been more willing to pass value judgments about law: the elucidation of the necessary features of law depends on an elucidation of the value of law.

ISBN: 978-1849463249

A reassessment of the concept of discretion in the regulatory context, the argument being that discretion as autonomy has to be modified by discretion in its original meaning as sound judgement.

The essay examines several theoretical approaches to the social and political understanding of constitutions

1: Law as a Leap of Faith (first published 2000) 2: Legal Positivism: 5 1/2 Myths (2001) 3: Some Types of Law (2007) 4: Can There be a Written Constitution? (2011) 5: How Law Claims, What Law Claims (2012) 6: Nearly Natural Law (2007) 7: The Legality of Law (2004) 8: On the Supposed Formality of the Rule of Law (previously unpublished) 9: Hart on Legality, Justice, and Morality (2011) 10. The Virtue of Justice and the Character of Law (2000) 11: Law in General (previously unpublished) The eligible chapters for REF2014 are 4, 5, 8, 9, 11.

ISBN: 978-0-19-969555-3

Ideas and Debates in Family Law is written for family law students, at undergraduate level and beyond, who are looking for less orthodox ideas about family law. The book's first section looks at themes in family law, addressing challenges facing the family justice system, rights and responsibilities, and the internationalisation of the law regulating families. The second section is focused on adult relationships: it suggests new ways for the law to allocate legal consequences for families, debates the consequences of the 'contractualisation' of marriage, and explores the value of 'fairness' in family finances. The third section is about children, discussing the welfare principle, parental responsibility and practical parenting. Although these issues sound common enough in a family law book, the discussions found here are far from common. Useful by itself or alongside a textbook, Ideas and Debates in Family Law offers new and thought-provoking perspectives on family law issues.

ISBN: 9781849462549

Relocation cases are disputes between separated parents which arise when one parent proposes to move to a new geographic location with their child and the other parent objects to the proposal. Relocation disputes are widely recognised as being amongst the most difficult cases facing family courts, and the law governing them is increasingly a cause for debate at both national and international levels. In Relocation Disputes: Law and Practice in England and New Zealand, Rob George looks at the different ways in which the legal systems of England and New Zealand currently deal with relocation cases. Drawing on case law, literature and the views of legal practitioners in the two jurisdictions, Relocation Disputes represents a major contribution to our understanding of the everyday practice of relocation cases. The empirical data reported in this book reveal the practical differences between the English and New Zealand approaches to relocation, along with a detailed analysis of the pros and cons of each system as seen by judges, lawyers and court experts who deal with these cases in practice. This analysis leads to detailed criticisms and lessons that can be learnt, together with practical suggestions about possible reforms of relocation law.

Relocation disputes arise between separated parents when one of them proposes to move to a different geographic location with their child and the other parent objects to the plan. Whether the proposed move is within the United Kingdom or international, the consequence of either allowing or refusing a relocation application is usually of the greatest importance to the parents and children involved. Relocation: A Practical Guide offers practitioners and parents a comprehensive handbook on the law and practice which is needed to successfully handle any relocation dispute, whether it ends up in court or not. Written in an accessible style by a team of experienced specialists, Relocation: A Practical Guide explains the entire process of dealing with a relocation case. After a detailed discussion of both international and internal relocation law (including case examples and key summaries), the book moves step by step through the entire process of a case, from first discussions to final hearings and appeals. Essential relocation cases and relevant Practice Directions are also contained in the appendices, making this an indispensable guide for anyone working in this complex and fast-changing area of law and practice.

An investigation of a flashpoint in the judicial control of insolvency. I examine how the equitable law of future assignments, designed to enforce paid-for promises and uphold the interests of assignees, is in tension with another 'equitable' policy established by statute, namely the jurisdiction to prevent preferential assignments that tend to defraud creditors by blocking recourse against debtors' assets. The High Court of Australia has been particularly active in this area, issuing an important judgments from the early 20th century to the present day. This body of law demonstrates the intermingling of equity jurisprudence and statute.

ISBN: 9781849462198

Lord Rodger's last book examined constitutional issues arising from the Disruption of the Church of Scotland of 1843. This essay in honour of Lord Rodger looks at the Disruption anew through the lens of private law. It examines problems arising where a court is vested with jurisdiction over issues of religion by the regular operation of secular law as a source of private rights created at will by private actors. This is quite distinct from cases where religious practice collides with secular law created directly by coercive public command so as to bind all subjects. For example, where a group forms an association based on civil institutions of contract, co-ownership and trust in order to pursue a common religious life, then regular enforcement of those private-law agreements and shared property rights can give the courts a lever to decide matters of religion enshrined in the original constitution of the group. Thus if A and B vest property into common or entrusted ownership and agree that this will be used to support a certain form of religious practice, creed, and ritual, then A may sue B to force him by law not to vary the practice, creed, or ritual, as a matter of contract, property, or trust law. Successors may perpetually rely on the original agreements to enforce religious forms many generations later. And a religious form of life may be "double-entrenched" by making the original means of governance of the religious community a fundamental condition of the association and so immune to normal majoritarian vote. These issues were fought out in many great cases before and after the Disruption, and this jurisprudence forms a backdrop to Lord Rodger's important dissent in the Jewish Free School Case of 2009.

ISBN: 978-0-19-967734-4

This volume of essays by leading legal historians addresses significant topics in the complex history of judges and judging, with comparisons not only between British, American and Commonwealth experience, but also with the judiciary in civil-law countries.

ISBN: 9781107018976

Morice v Bishop of Durham (1804-5) is most definitely a leading case in the law of trusts. But it was not cited as authority for any 'beneficiary principle' or 'certainty of objects' rule in the general texts of trusts and equity until well toward the middle of the nineteenth century. Its real celebrity as a leading decision dates to the early and mid-twentieth century, as lawyers grappled with the challenge of amorphous beneficial objects in the new environments of family and corporate tax planning, corporate finance, pensions, and offshore jurisdictions. The urgent problems facing lawyers at the time of Morice were rather different, and harked back to two linked issues that had troubled the legal system since before the Reformation -- controlling the deathbed disherison of heirs, and restraining the putting of testamentary property into mortmain, that is perpetual or 'deadhand' control of property by ecclesiastical bodies or other corporations. This explains why Morice was early picked up by cases and texts on mortmain and charitable uses, and remained rather invisible in the key literatures on trusts. The beneficiary principle had to become controversial before it could be noticed properly as a foundational doctrine.

ISBN: 9781849461542

This book will present and analyse key results of the Religion and Society programme (Arts and Humanities Research Council/Economic and Social Research Council) research project “Religion and Belief, Discrimination and Equality: Theory, Policy and Practice, 2000-2010” research project. Reflecting on a decade of change, the book will compare these results with those of a 1999-2001 Home Office commissioned research on “Religious Discrimination in England and Wales”. These findings will include data from a national questionnaire survey; the reported experiences of individuals interviewed during the project’s fieldwork; and the perspectives of those who understand themselves not be to be of any religion and who took part in project focus groups. The book will set these findings within the context of a broader consideration of the impact of legal and policy developments on religion and human rights in which, over the last decade, the category of religious discrimination has become more widely accepted, while modified by reference to belief, and also in relation to a shifting policy focus around shared values and social cohesion. The proposed book will therefore be a groundbreaking, benchmark, seminal and interdisciplinary contribution to both public and academic debate about these issues.

Does the individual have a right to be granted asylum? The traditional answer has long been 'No', any right being that of the State to grant or not to grant. This chapter argues that there is indeed an obligation to grant asylum, drawing among others on elementary considerations of humanity and human rights obligations owed erga omnes. I argue further that this has legal and policy implications, in particular, for the EU, the Court of Justice, the Strasbourg Court, and States.

ISBN: 978-2-8027-3602-8

Consideration of criminal responsibility for crimes committed by addicted people.

This book explores at a theoretical and practical level the law's interaction with caring.

Text and materials on criminal law

A discussion of the proposed reforms to the procedures on divorce, in the light of the work of Stephen Cretney's approach to the issue

An exploration of how a human rights approach might be used to combat elder abuse.

A book on decision making techniques

Inter-disciplinary collection of essays on intoxication.

Textbook on medical law and ethics

This chapter critques the law and practices surrouding the use of surnames in marriage and for children.

A discussion of the role vulnerability plays in the construction of childhood in the law

This Textbook, designed for postgraduates andsenior undergraduates, will provide an accessible but intellectually rigorous text book which addresses how human rights issues are configured and adjudicated in the specific British context, exploring the multiple dimensions of the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Union, international law, and national legislation and common law, and an introduction to human rights theory , integrating this into the legal analysis.

This is a substantial rewrite of the section D4 of Blackstone’s Criminal Practice 2012, which was written as a new chapter of the book.

In this essay, I address recent attempts to understand the relevance of broadly political forces and institutions in shaping the practice and the social meaning of punishment. I focus on an argument about the relevance of the political which has been especially influential in the punishment and society field during the last decade. This is the argument that political systems can usefully be characterised as broadly liberal or neoliberal, or as social democratic: and that the decline or attenuation of social democracy, and the concomitant rise of (neo)liberalism has been associated with an intensification of penality. I call this the ‘neoliberal penality thesis’ I set out what I take to be the key arguments for that thesis, before presenting a critical analysis of the utility of such a broad conceptualisation of political systems.

DOI: 10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee696

This paper provides an overview of issues raised by the nature of coercion. It outlines four major distinctions that are both important to understanding the nature of coercion and important to disputes about its nature: (1) coercion in the sense of actions that aim to force another to do something, as opposed to actions that simply have that effect (i.e. are "coercive"); (2) coercion by the use of physical force against another as opposed to coercoin by the creation of a "forced choice" for that person; (3) coercion as a factor affecting the liability of the person who succumbs to the force ("duress") as opposed to coercion as a means of making another do as one wills; and (4) distinguishing between proposals that are threats rather than offers. These distinctions all bear on the question of why the use of coercion is ordinarily regarded as requiring some moral warrant.

ISBN: 9781405186414

The central argument of this paper is that the rule of law is an ideal concerned with the conditions that are necessary for the law to succeed in governing a community. The influential views of Fuller and Raz which ground the ideal in the conditions necessary for the law to exist at all (Fuller) or for the law to be capable of guiding behaviour (Raz) are discussed and criticised. Four conditions are highlighted as part of the rule of law: (1) the law is effective; (2) the state is governed by and governs through law; (3) the individual laws can be jointly and severally obeyed; and finally (4) those other legal and social arrangements whose primary rationale is to serve conditions (1)–(3). Condition (4) accounts for the significance of such arrangements as an independent legal profession. Condition (4) also helps to explain both the attraction of regarding other political ideals such as democracy and human rights as aspects of the rule of law, since their existence helps promote the other conditions, and the reasons for excluding them from the rule of law itself, since their primary rationale is not to ensure that the law succeeds in governing the community. Finally, it is argued that the rationale for the rule of law lies in the value of a law governed community. The rule of law itself, however, is not always morally valuable: not because it is purely of instrumental value, but because it is an inherently mixed-value good.

ISBN: 978-0415878180

Human rights advocates internationally, and supporters of socio-economic rights, have battled for many years to get States and courts to accept that human rights give rise to positive obligations upon States and that such obligations ought to be justiciable in principle. Much of the rhetoric deployed in this campaign has focused on the importance of protecting and respecting basic human needs and capabilities, and ensuring that individuals enjoy a basic level of subsistence in order to secure the enjoyment of all rights. In the context of criminal justice and criminal law: positive obligations are very often cast as duties on the State to protect individuals from the criminal acts of others (protective duties). Very little attention is paid however to the potential for such positive obligations to give rise to what I term ‘coercive duties’. In other words, duties upon the State to coerce individuals through the criminal law, or criminal justice mechanisms, in the name of protecting others from their criminal acts. The coercive aspect of positive obligations comes more sharply into focus when we look at the rhetoric around, and judicial enforcement of ,the right to security. But the development of coercive duties are evident in the positive aspect of other rights too. This chapter explores the ambiguity involved in the growing development of positive rights in the field of criminal law and criminal justice. It dwells briefly on the emerging right to security case law and rhetoric internationally, and goes on to examine cases within the UK and ECHR. The thesis of the chapter is that while some protective duties arising from human rights may be a positive development, the extension of coercive duties on the State to coerce others in the name of another individual’s rights is an overseen and more pernicious part of this development of human rights. The chapter will end by exploring how we reconcile coercive duties arising out of human rights with opposing negative rights protections, or even other protective duties.

Response to Jeremy Waldron's Amnesty Lecture on Hate Speech.

This paper examines the rise of the right to security within human rights discourse and its potential to erode human rights more generally. It argues that political discourse around the apparent conflict between security and rights since 9/11 has been complicated by an emerging notion of the 'right to security' as the meta-right (the right of rights). This claim (and the inherent ambiguity of what the right to security requires) has the potential to lead to a 'securitization' of human rights, a process that threatens to erode the traditional foundations of human rights, and human rights themselves. Operating in tandem with this 'securitization' process, the discourse of the right to security has been used to sanitize, or at least to legitimate, coercive security measures. This is a process I refer to as 'righting' security. These two processes combine in complex ways to give security an effective trump claim over other rights.

Roman law experienced concerns about arbitrary decision-making by Praetors. English equity being much more recent, we have much better evidence both for actual arbitrary decision-making by Chancellors, and for concerns about arbitrary decision-making by Chancellors. The remedies adopted, however, are profoundly different. The Romans made the Edict more like the Twelve Tables - a code. The development of English law, in contrast, made equity more like the common law: a system based on the communis opinio of a narrow group of advocates (in the case of modern Chancery equity, the specialist Chancery bar), expressed in the heavy use of precedent and case reporting, modified by particularistic statutes, and governed by collegiate courts of review or (in modern times) appeal. The eventual upshot is that modern ‘Chancery bar equity’ is perhaps the least ‘equitable’, in the Aristotelian ἐπιείκεια sense of ‘flexible’, branch of English law.

Though commonly cited in modern equity books, Lord Nottingham's decision in Coke v Fountaine was only reported by Lord Nottingham himself and was not cited until Swanston printed Lord Nottingham's report in 1827 - though other aspects of the litigation were reported and cited. This chapter examines why this was the case, working through the background to the litigation and its complex multiple character, concluding that Lord Nottingham's decision 'turned on its own facts,' and in so far as it was worth citing, was obscured by the passage in the following year of the Statute of Frauds.

‘Sham’ is a late 17th century slang expression which passed into legal usage in the 1690s, first becoming a term of art in the contexts of ‘sham pleas’, and a bit later in that of ‘sham bidders’ at auction. Beyond these contexts it is not apparent that it had become a term of art before the 1850s, though there is some evidence of restrictive interpretation at that period and down to 1875. The related doctrines, which were very extensive and hence can be discussed only very briefly, are the late medieval doctrine of ‘colour’ in pleading, and its offshoot, the description of actions and transactions some of which might have been called ‘shams’ as ‘merely colourable’; ‘fraudulent conveyances’ of goods under Statute 3 Hen. VII c. 4 (1487), and of land under the Elizabethan statutes 13 Eliz. I c. 5 (1571) and 27 Eliz. I c. 4 (1585), ‘fraud apparent’ as an expression for avoidance schemes in revenue and regulatory contexts, and ‘fraud on the law' (fraus legis) [e.g. ‘fraud on the bankrupt laws’] . An example of an unrelated doctrine which, however, also produces the result that transactions are not what they seem to be, is the old property law dogma that a licence to occupy land (not consistent with the licensor remaining in occupation) is ipso facto a lease. This dogma was established in the late 15th century, apparently on numerus clausus grounds, and continuously accepted until the early 20th. Its entanglement with ‘sham’ in Street v Mountford and AG Securities v Vaughan appears to be the result of counsel and judges in those cases not appreciating the age or the scope of the doctrine on the basis of the very summary use in Glenwood Lumber v Phillips.

A treatise on the law of contract; in particular: (i) Introduction, (ii) Form & Formalities; (iii) Formation, (iv) Consideration & Privity, (v) Contractual Terms, (vi) Illegality, (vii) Frustration, (viii) Discharge of Contractual Promises, (ix) Joint and Several Promises

ISBN: 9781405763592

Despite half a century of Chinese governmental control Tibetan pastoralists on the grasslands of Amdo continue to engage in practices of feuding and mediation. This chapter describes the legal drama of the mediation process, comparing modern events with historic accounts and tracing the evidence of continuity and transformation. It describes an elaborate ceremony held to mark the settlement of a long-running feud, which appears to be a modern adaptation, by government officials, of traditional Tibetan practices. It transpires, however, on closer scrutiny, that this is an entirely new form of state-sponsored legal ritual. At the same time practices of mediation continue to be conducted according to the central principles of the historic processes. These occur unobtrusively, paradoxically often being discreetly supported by local government administrators, who are compelled to subvert official state policy on law and order in the interests of resolving local conflict.

Although China’s Tibetans profoundly mistrust the ideologies of the party-state, associating them with illegitimate practices of domination, protest and revolt are rare and effectively suppressed. This might be seen as quasi-colonial domination, the state securing subjection through the performance of paramount power, demonstrated by its suppression of the 2008 protests; or, it could be attributed to a form of indirect rule, by which local officials engage with local leaders to generate hegemonic consent. While both dynamics are present on the Tibetan plateau, ethnographic fieldwork among the Tibetan populations of Qinghai and Gansu provinces reveals that consent is primarily generated by local officials who negotiate a form of local order with religious and tribal leaders. Ignoring the ideological demands of their superiors, they engage constructively with the expectations of the Tibetans about how order should be maintained and, in doing so, subvert the state’s ideal of uniform and unitary sovereignty.

Das Werk behandelt - sehr praxisorientiert und zugleich wissenschaftlich fundiert - die im täglichen Rechtsverkehr mit England auftretenden Fragen. Dazu gehören z. B. die Besonderheiten des englischen Vertragsrechts, Warenkauf, Arbeitsrecht, Gesellschaftsrecht, Insolvenzrecht, Wettbewerbsrecht, internationales Zivilprozess- und Privatrecht einschließlich Schiedsverfahrensrecht u.v.m. Das Buch ist nicht nur für Geschäftsverbindungen mit England eine unerlässliche Hilfe. Da englisches (Handels-)Recht in vielen wirtschaftlich bedeutenden Ländern zur Anwendung kommt, genießt es Weltgeltung. Zudem wird im internationalen Handelsverkehr sehr häufig ein englischer Gerichtsstand oder Schiedsort und englisches Recht als "neutrales Recht" vereinbart, wenn sich die Parteien nicht auf das Recht einer der Vertragsparteien einigen können.

ISBN: 978-3-8005-1346-8

The rules on assignment and transfer of rights and obligations are currently outside the scope of the proposed CESL. In contrast, the original DCFR from 2009 includes a chapter on these issues. Questions outside the scope of CESL are left to be solved by the ‘domestic’ provisions of the national law that is applicable under the relevant conflict-of-laws provisions. This paper is part of the larger CFR Context research project and explores interactions of the system of assignment of receivables under a future European contract instrument with both English and German national laws. This concerns above all other areas of law, for example the rules that apply upon the insolvency of one of the parties (in particular that of the assignor) and the rules on public policy. Key differences between the jurisdictions include, inter alia, the proprietary aspects of the assignor’s insolvency where the assignor is paid by the debtor, the priority rule for competing assignments, and the effects of a non-assignment clause. Here, the choice of the optional instrument rather than either English or German law will lead to diverging results and may therefore prejudice any of the parties involved.

Collective litigation against issuer fraud appears increasingly in an international context. In times of financial crises, this brings one question into the centre of attention which had not been discussed exhaustively before: In the situation of a securities liability towards investors in an international context, which is the applicable law to the liability claim? The harmonisation of private international law rules in Europe gives rise to new reflections on the problem of international issuer liability. In the United States, on the other hand, the Supreme Court has just ruled for the first time on matters relating to the international application of the US securities regulation thereby overruling the settled case-law of decades. This paper understands the role of issuer liability in a broader context as a ‘corporate governance’ device and, from this starting point, develops a new approach to the legal problem of cross-border securities class actions.

ISBN: 9780199655724

The incorporation of the Netherlands in 1810 into the Napoleontic Empire meant the instant introduction of French law, under abolition of previous Dutch law. This was also the case for commerce, industry and agriculture. The complete subjugation to the Continental Blockade meant that for trade economic circumstances deteriorated, notwithstanding that this was partly compensated by the increased trade in specific agricultural products. To a certain extent it was the result of a decline over a much longer period. Financial activities suffered also in the end. The French law on commerce (primarily the Code of commerce, further an array of specific statutes and decretes) did only partially prove to be the modernisation needed. Particularly the Code was, compared to previous Dutch drafts and the draft of 1809, a tragic set-back, which was not made good until the new Code of commerce of 1838. However, other specific regulations proved to inspire new legislation or were maintained.

Abstract: The purpose of this book on property, possession, transfer of property and security is threefold: to show the coherence between the main European legal systems, on the basis of the ius commune, to introduce into the basic concepts of civil and common law, and into the fundaments of the continental codifications.

Willem J. Zwalve und Boudewijn Sirks verfolgen mit ihrer Untersuchung drei Ziele: den Nachweis, wie groß – trotz scheinbarer Rechtsvielfalt – der Zusammenhang zwischen den unterschiedlichen westeuropäischen Rechtssystemen ist; die Gewichtung der rechtspolitischen Überlegungen, die den unterschiedlichen Kodifikationen zu Grunde liegen; und schließlich den Leser in einige Grundbegriffe des kontinentalen „civil law“ und des englischen „common law“ einzuführen und auf die gemeinsamen Traditionen mit dem kontinentaleuropäischen Rechtssystem zu verweisen.

The article sets out the structure and modus operandi of the Supreme Court of Holland and Zeeland, and next, by analysing four cases from the 18th century, the substantive law applied. This was Roman law, except when there was a statute, particular local law or customary law applicable

It's uncontroversial that politics shapes the law. The tough question is how exactly that works: which kinds of political action have a law-shaping effect and how they produce that effect. Consider the enactment of a statute. A. Which precise aspect of the action is relevant to the legal impact of the enactment (the change in legal rights and obligations that obtains without further such action)? B. Why - what gives some aspect of the action its legal relevance? Analogous questions also arise in connection with the explanation of some other phenomena, including making a promise, decision or request - actions or attitudes which are generally understood to result in some distinctive obligations or to have some other distinctive normative significance or impact, or at least to be capable of so doing. The relevant theoretical choices are posed particularly clearly in these domains, so I explore them in some detail in relation to promising.

ISBN: 0415878187

DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199647071.003.0003

When the Security Council imposes binding obligations through decisions adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter it may impact on internationally protected human rights and the corresponding obligations of UN member states to respect these rights. Member states are then faced with potentially conflicting obligations. This contribution surveys the respective position of Security Council measures and human rights obligations in the (emergent) normative hierarchy of international law. It defines normative conflict and discusses state practice in order to establish whether Article 103 of the UN Charter is a conflict or a hierarchy rule and whether human rights obligations are subordinate to Security Council measures.

ISBN: 978-0-19-964707-1

The paper assesses the legal regime governing recourse to force from the perspective of 'contemporary positivism'. It provides a basic introduction to positivist international law and its critique and charts how positivism, faced with decades of anti-positivist critique, has adjusted itself. More specifically, it analyses how in response to criticism, positivism has embraced a more 'liberal' approach to the identification of sources. Applying these findings to the specific problem of military force, the paper outlines the main challenges facing a positivist understanding of the jus ad bellum. These are (i) the loss of predictability of the legal rules (''anything goes"), which is a consequence of the liberalisation of sources; and (ii) the attraction, even among positivist scholars, to invoke "quasi-legal" arguments based on legitimacy, morals or political necessity.

This paper examines whether domestic courts can be cast as the ‘natural judges’ of international law. ‘Natural judge’ is meant here in the sense of the ‘immediate,’ ‘ordinary’ judge of international law, who can only be removed through a centrally instituted judge. Given the lack of a centrally organized international judicial system, the suggestion that domestic courts are the ‘ordinary judges’ of international law has significant repercussions on the physiognomy of the international legal system. Despite the fact that in some of the decisions the reasoning of the courts is based solely on domestic law, the domestic law relied on - typically fundamental rights - is of universal radiance, as evidenced by almost universally ratified treaties and customary international law. Domestic courts are then in fact applying law based on internationally agreed standards as the immediate judges, offering effective remedies for the violation of rights influenced or shaped by, or interpreted under, international law. This trend can signify the move to a more effective application of international law, one taking place in court, even if a domestic court, rather than by a decision of the executive to invoke responsibility of another actor, or bring an international claim.

ISBN: 9781849462020

This entry discusses economic measures which aim at reducing or destroying the enemy's war-fighting capability during armed conflict ('traditional' economic warfare) as well as peacetime measures which closely resemble traditional economic warfare, such as embargoes and collective economic sanctions.

ISBN: 978-0-19-929168-7

This entry discusses 'humanitarian intervention' as an autonomous justification for the use of force in international law.

ISBN: 978-0-19-929168-7

This paper surveys and analyses the case law of United Kingdom courts on questions of personality and immunity of international organizations, as well as on the question of liability of members for the acts of the organization, focusing in particular on the various cases surrounding the collapse of the International Tin Council in the 1980s.

ISBN: 978-0-19-967940-9

States increasingly 'contract out' their governmental authority in favour of international organizations. As a result, remedies available under domestic law to individuals and legal entities may no longer be available, leaving them without redress. (Domestic) courts have devised a method to react to such diminution of their jurisdiction, which at the same time comprises a message for various addressees and engages a dialogue on multiple levels. This method is shaped by the spirit and thrust of the argument the German Constitutional Court put forward in its Solange jurisprudence, and has the potential of fostering a harmonization of domestic and international law, as well as that of establishing a rudimentary normative hierarchy at the international level.

ISBN: 9781849462471

Abstract: Commentary of the Preamble of the League of Nations Covenant in French.

This entry surveys the right of visit and search of foreign merchant ships on the high seas under the traditional law of war, in the context of collective security, and during peacetime.

ISBN: 978-0-19-929168-7

An introduction to, and commentary of, the main findings of the Tribunal in the Abyei Arbitration between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (Award of 22 July 2009), along with a brief consideration of the Award's (and the dispute's) aftermath.

ISBN: 978-94-91021-02-2

This short study in memory of Sir Ian Brownlie QC discusses the countermeasure of disobedience as a means of implementation of the responsibility of international organisations. Focusing on Security Council sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter, it argues that actions of the Security Council may be illegal and thus engage the responsibility of the UN. It then argues that disobedience of such sanctions on the part of States may qualify as a countermeasure against the Organisation. This legal characterisation of disobedience has significant advantages over the 'invalidity theory' in that it subjects decentralised reaction to a specific legal framework.

ISBN: 9789004256071

This paper surveys and evaluates the contribution of the International Court of Justice to the development of the (public international) law of the sea. It does so by comparing the Court's contribution as against other 'competing' agents of development of international law, ie other adjudicators, codifiers, regulators, and lawmakers. It concludes that the impact of the Court on the law of the sea has not been great, and is now diminishing. However, it argues that the more important contribution of the Court lies less in its influence on the development of the law, and more in its authority in consolidating it.

ISBN: 978-0-19-965321-8

The purpose of this brief study is to gauge what the Permanent Court of Internation-al Justice might have had to say about the nebulous concept of the ‘international community’, as the Court administering the law of that community, but also developing it, thereby contributing to the stabilization and further integration of that community. This is done by ‘reverse-engineering’ the jurisprudence of the PCIJ, seeking to canvass how the Court understood the concept of the 'international community' and how it would have wanted it to evolve. The study surveys the Court’s case law for what are commonly accepted as the ‘hallmarks’ of an (international) community, or at least those commonly associated with the idea: the make-up of the community; the concept of obligations and action in the ‘general’ interest; and the existence of institutions providing protection of the community interest.

ISBN: 9789004244931

This collection of documents brings together a large number of primary sources on the peaceful settlement of disputes in a usable and affordable format. The documents included reflect the diverse techniques of international dispute settlement, as recognised in Articles 2(3) and 33 of the UN Charter, such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration and adjudication. The book comprises the most relevant multilateral treaties establishing dispute settlement regimes, as well as examples of special agreements, compromissory clauses, optional clause declarations and relevant resolutions of international organisations. It covers both diplomatic and adjudicative methods of dispute settlement and follows a basic division between general dispute settlement mechanisms, and sectoral regimes in fields such as human rights, WTO law, investment, law of the sea, environmental law and arms control. The book is the first widely-available collection of key documents on dispute settlement. It is aimed at teachers, students and practitioners of international law and related disciplines.

ISBN: 9781849463034

Article-by-article commentary of the 2004 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property.

ISBN: 978-0-19-960183-7

This paper discusses transparency in the working method of the United Nations Security Council. It describes the institutional design of the organ and the evolution of Security Council powers, and seeks to identify whether there is an obligation for the Council to act in a transparent manner in the exercise of its powers. The paper argues that transparency is an 'ancillary' obligation incumbent on the Council, to allow for decentralised control over the exercise of its powers by Member States of the UN. Transparency having no independent normative charge, we do not how much of it is good -- this is determined by a pattern of protest and reaction between the Security Council and the Member States called upon to implement its decisions.

ISBN: 978-1107021389

pp 82-119. A European contract law regime will not necessarily be drafted and interpreted in ways that correspond to the approaches of a particular national legal system. In this chapter I will assess the peculiarities of drafting (II.) and interpreting (III.) European rules against the background of English and German contract law. I will then explore how these aspects will influence the interaction of the European contract law regime, both as an ‘optional instrument’ and as a ‘toolbox’, with the domestic laws of these two Member States (IV.).

xxxiv + 580 pp. English Commercial and Business Law Das Werk behandelt - sehr praxisorientiert und zugleich wissenschaftlich fundiert - die im täglichen Rechtsverkehr mit England auftretenden Fragen. Dazu gehören z. B. die Besonderheiten des englischen Vertragsrechts, Warenkauf, Arbeitsrecht, Gesellschaftsrecht, Insolvenzrecht, Wettbewerbsrecht, internationales Zivilprozess- und Privatrecht einschließlich Schiedsverfahrensrecht u.v.m. Das Buch ist nicht nur für Geschäftsverbindungen mit England eine unerlässliche Hilfe. Da englisches (Handels-)Recht in vielen wirtschaftlich bedeutenden Ländern zur Anwendung kommt, genießt es Weltgeltung. Zudem wird im internationalen Handelsverkehr sehr häufig ein englischer Gerichtsstand oder Schiedsort und englisches Recht als "neutrales Recht" vereinbart, wenn sich die Parteien nicht auf das Recht einer der Vertragsparteien einigen können. Sachgebiete: Englisches Handelsrecht, englisches Wirtschaftsrecht, englisches Vertragsrecht, Handelsgeschäfte, Warenkauf, englisches Arbeitsrecht, englisches Gesellschaftsrecht, englisches Insolvenzrecht, englisches Wettbewerbsrecht, englisches internationales Zivilprozess- und Privatrecht. ISBN 978-3-8005-1346-8

pp 1-20. This book explores the interactions between a European contract law instrument and national legal systems, using English law and German law as examples. The purpose of this Chapter is to set out the background to our enquiry and the methodology we employed. The first Part gives an overview of the ‘European contract law initiative’ which has resulted in various drafts for a European contract law regime, culminating in the two instruments that are the focus of the following chapters: the European Commission’s Proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law of October 2011 and one of its precursors, the 2009 Draft Common Frame of Reference. The second Part of this Chapter describes the Anglo-German research project which led to the present book. It will explain the overarching questions we set out to answer and the methodology employed by the authors of the various chapters.

pp 277-96. This contribution explores the relationship between two outstanding Roman law scholars, Otto Lenel and David Daube, on the basis of their correspondence in 1933 and 1934. It also discusses the influence of Daube on Alan Rodger.

lxvii + 789 pp. European Contract Law unification projects have recently advanced from the Draft Common Frame of Reference (2009) to a European Commission proposal for an optional Common European Sales Law (2011) which is to facilitate cross-border marketing. This book investigates for the first time how CESL and DCFR rules would interact with various aspects of domestic law, represented by English and German law. Nineteen chapters, co-authored by British and German scholars, examine such interface issues for eg pre-contractual relationships, notions of contract, formation, interpretation, and remedies, extending to non-discrimination, third parties, transfers or rights, aspects of property law, and collective proceedings. They go beyond a critical analysis of CESL and DCFR rules by demonstrating where and how CESL rules would interact with neighbouring areas of English and German law before English and German courts, how domestic traditions might influence the application, which aspects might motivate sellers and buyers to choose or reject CESL, and which might serve as model for national legislators. The findings are summarized in the final two chapters.

ISBN: 978-0-19-967890-7

pp 732-52. This Chapter will assess the potential of the DCFR and the proposed CESL to serve as models for law reform. It will first set out the various ways in which sets of legal rules and principles in general and, more specifically, contract law regimes can play such a role (II.). Thereafter it will ascertain the suitability of the DCFR and the CESL to function as models (III.), and finally it will attempt to predict how this function might have a bearing in the particular context of English law and German law (IV.).

‘Safety’, or ‘urgent’, interview is one where the suspect is interviewed for information that might help the police protect life and prevent serious damage to property. A suspect’s right to legal advice and not to be held incommunicado could be delayed by a senior officer to enable a ‘safety interview’ to take place in order to secure public safety in situations of immediate urgency. English law permits the conduct of such interviews under strict conditions, both in investigations concerned with ‘ordinary’ criminal offences and those related to terrorism. In practice, however, it is mainly used in the context of terrorism. This paper highlights the legal arrangements and the two difficulties that are arise from possible use of the content of these interviews as evidence in a subsequent trial. The first is that the curtailment of immediate legal advice may affect the right to fair trial. The second concern deals more specifically with the possibility to draw adverse inference from silence during the interview, especially where no legal advice was given. It argues that the possibility of drawing adverse inferences from either silence or admissions made during such interviews should be rejected both as a matter of public policy, since the drawing of adverse inferences seem to be counter-productive to the aims of such interviews, and in terms of its opportunistic nature, since such interviews take advantage of the vulnerable and legally-ignorant suspect. Finally it examines the relationship between counter-terrorism and ordinary criminal law in this area and the effect that the use of such measures in the context of counter-terrorism has on other criminal investigations.

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between EU legal rules which control unfair terms and unfair commercial practices with particular references to the substantive unfairness of the central bargain

ISBN: 978-84-470-3981-4

Continues the argument developed in 'Unjust Enrichment and Public law' in the light of the decision of the Supreme Court in FII. Argues that in Deutsche Morgan Grenfell the House of Lords took a wrong turning on the law of unjust enrichment in a public law context, a decision which has led to unnecessary and avoidable litigation, as evidenced by FII. Suggests that such litigation could in future be avoided by reversing the Deutsche Morgan Grenfell decision and adopting the hybrid public and private approach to cases of unjust enrichment involving public bodies.

Analyses the problematic nature of the current criminal law concerning intoxication

Edited volume of essays by leading criminal lawyers, political theorists and philosophers on criminalization for the purposes of preventing harmful wrongdoing.

Festschrift or collection of essays in honour of Professor Andrew Ashworth, Vinerian Chair of English Law, University of Oxford, with a substantial Introductory Essay by the Editors.

ISBN: 978-0-19-969679-6