Criminology — Overview
For more detailed information about our work in this area, see also the dedicated Centre for Criminology website
This theme contains two subjects, namely: Criminology and Criminology and Criminal Justice
Criminology
News
The Roger Hood Public Lecture 23 May 2013
Criminology has had a home in Oxford for over fifty years and has thrived under the leadership of Professor Roger Hood since 1973, first as an independent unit within the University and, since 1991 as an integral department of the Faculty of Law [more…]
Professor David Nelken wins the Association for Law and Society International Prize
Professor Nelken, Visiting Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Law, has been honoured by the Law and Society Association (LSA) and will be presented with the 2013 laureate of the Association for Law and Society International Prize at the LSA annual meeting in Boston in May 2013 [more…]
ESRC-funded seminar series on immigration detention
Mary Bosworth is part of an interdisciplinary team from the Universities of Oxford, York, Birmingham, Lancaster and Exeter who have been granted funds from the ESRC to hold a seminar series entitled 'Exploring Everyday Practice and Resistance in Immigration Detention' [more…]
Discussion Groups
These self-sustaining groups are an essential part of the life of our graduate school. They are organised in some cases by graduate students and in others by Faculty members and meet regularly during term, typically over a sandwich lunch, when one of the group presents work in progress or introduces a discussion of a particular issue or new case. They may also encompass guest speakers from the faculty and beyond.
Publications
Showing selected publications sorted by title [change this]
Showing key publications in this field, as selected by the author
Change to sort them by year | name | type OR
Show All 303 | Recent publications
R Hood and C Hoyle, 'Abolishing the Death Penalty Worldwide: The Impact of a New Dynamic?' (2009) 38 Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 1
R Condry, 'Appreciating the Broad Reach of Serious Crime and the Interpretive Power of Claims to Secondary Victimization' in David Downes, Dick Hobbs and Tim Newburn (eds), The Eternal Recurrence of Crime and Control: Essays in Honour of Paul Rock (Clarendon: Oxford 2010)
M Bosworth, 'Border Control and the Limits of the Sovereign State' (2008) 17 Social and Legal Studies 199
I Loader, B Goold and A Thumala, 'Consuming Security?: Tools for a Sociology of Security Consumption' (2010) 14 Theoretical Criminology 3
B Bradford, J Jackson and EA Stanko, 'Contact and confidence: Revisiting the impact of public encounters with the police' (2009) 19 Policing and Society 20
B Bradford, 'Convergence not divergence? Trends and trajectories in public contact and confidence in the police' (2011) 51 The British Journal of Criminology 179 [...]
DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azq078
Public trust and confidence are vital to the police function. There has been much comment and debate about the apparent decline in confidence in the British police since the 1950s, most frequently evidenced by data from the British Crime Survey (BCS). Yet, there has been relatively little in-depth interrogation of the data at the heart of the discussion. Pooling data from 11 sweeps of the BCS (1984 to 2005/06), this paper shows a homogenization over time in trends in trust and confidence and experiences of encounters with the police. This pattern is found across both age and ethnicity, and can also be identified in other variables. The story that emerges therefore differs from analyses that emphasize the increasingly diffuse and variable nature of public experiences of the police.
ISBN: 0007-0955
J Jackson and B Bradford, 'Crime, policing and the moral order: On the expressive nature of public confidence in policing' (2009) 60 The British Journal of Sociology 493
C Cunneen and C Hoyle, Debating Restorative Justice (Hart Publishing 2010)
M Bosworth, 'Deportation and Immigration Detention: Globalising the Sociology of Punishment' (2012) 16 Theoretical Criminology (forthcoming)
M Bosworth, 'Deporting Foreign National Prisoners in England and Wales ' (2011) 15 Citizenship Studies 583
M Bosworth, Explaining U.S. Imprisonment (Sage Publications 2010)
I Loader, 'For penal moderation: Notes towards a public philosophy of punishment' (2010) 14 Theoretical Criminology 349
M Bosworth and M Guild, 'Governing through migration control: Security and Citizenship in Britain' (2008) 48 The British Journal of Criminology 703
M Bosworth, 'Human Rights and Immigration Detention (Forthcoming)' in M-B Dembour and T Kelly (eds), Are Human Rights for Migrants? Critical Reflections on the Status of Irregular Migrants in Europe and the United States (Routledge 2011)
K Hohl, B Bradford and EA Stanko, 'Influencing trust and confidence in the London Metropolitan Police: results from an experiment testing the effect of leaflet-drops on public opinion' (2010) 50 The British Journal of Criminology 491 [...]
DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azq005
Enhancing trust and confidence has moved to the centre of policing policy in England and Wales. The association between direct encounters with police officers and confidence in the police is well-established. But is it possible for the police to increase confidence among the general population including those people who do not routinely come into direct contact with police officers? This paper presents the findings from a quasi-randomised experiment conducted on population representative samples in seven London wards that assessed the impact of a leaflet drop on public perceptions of policing. The results provide strong evidence of an improvement in overall confidence, and in perceptions of police–community engagement, specifically. The leaflets also appear to have had a buffering effect against declines in public assessments of police effectiveness. The findings support the idea that public trust and confidence can be enhanced by direct police communication of this type.
ISBN: 0007-0955
I Loader, 'Is it NICE? The Appeal, Limits and Promise of Translating a Health Innovation into Criminal Justice ' (2010) 63 Current Legal Problems 72
J Roberts (ed), Mitigation and Aggravation at Sentencing (Cambridge University Press 2011)
J Roberts and A von Hirsch (eds), Previous Convictions at Sentencing: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives (Hart Publishing 2010)
I Loader and R Sparks, Public Criminology? (Routledge 2010)
J Roberts, 'Punishing Persistence: Explaining the Enduring Appeal of the Recidivist Sentencing Premium' (2008) British Journal of Criminology 468
J Roberts, Punishing Persistent Offenders (Oxford University Press 2008)
K Bullock and R Condry, 'Responding to denial, minimization and blame in correctional settings: The ‘real world’ implications of offender neutralizations' (2013) European Journal of Criminology (forthcoming)
R Hood and C Hoyle, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective (Oxford University Press 2008)
L Lazarus, Benjamin Goold, Rajendra Desai and Qudsi Rasheed, 'The Relationship Between Rights and Responsibilities' (Ministry of Justice Research Series 18/09 2009)
B Bradford, 'Voice neutrality and respect: Use of Victim Support services procedural fairness and confidence in the Criminal Justice System' (2011) Criminology and Criminal Justice [...]
Public confidence in the criminal justice system (CJS) is a topic of perennial concern across the United Kingdom, particularly in light of the relatively low levels of confidence reported in the British Crime Survey (BCS) and elsewhere. Recent work on policing has stressed that the experience of procedural fairness is an important influence on ‘user-satisfaction’, trust and legitimacy. Yet it is unclear whether this emphasis on fairness applies to the CJS as a whole, which many might see as primarily there to manage — and punish — offenders as efficiently as possible. This article reports on analysis of the BCS that suggests contact with Victim Support is linked to more favourable views of the fairness of the CJS and to higher levels of confidence in its effectiveness. By providing victims with voice and a sense that someone is listening to and taking their concerns seriously, contact with VS seems to be linked to more favourable overall assessments of the CJS. A space is therefore opened up for approaches to enhancing public confidence that do not rely on ever more punitive policies, or on the arguably Sisyphean task of convincing the public that extant policies are punitive enough.
ISBN: 1748-8958
B Bradford, A Huq, J Jackson and B Roberts, 'What price fairness when security is at stake? Police legitimacy in South Africa' (2013) Regulation and Governance [...]
DOI: 10.1111/rego.12012
The legitimacy of legal authorities – particularly the police – is central to the state's ability to function in a normatively justifiable and effective manner. Studies, mostly conducted in the US and UK, regularly find that procedural justice is the most important antecedent of police legitimacy, with judgments about other aspects of police behavior – notably, about effectiveness – appearing less relevant. But this idea has received only sporadic testing in less cohesive societies where social order is more tenuous, resources to sustain it scarcer, and the position of the police is less secure. This paper considers whether the link between process fairness and legitimacy holds in the challenging context of present day South Africa. In a high crime and socially divided society, do people still emphasize procedural fairness or are they more interested in instrumental effectiveness? How is the legitimacy of the police influenced by the wider problems faced by the South African state? We find procedural fairness judgments play a key role, but also that South Africans place greater emphasis on police effectiveness (and concerns about crime). Police legitimacy is, furthermore, associated with citizens' judgments about the wider success and trustworthiness of the state.
ISBN: 1748-5991
J Jackson and others, 'Why do People Comply with the Law?: Legitimacy and the Influence of Legal Institutions' (2012) 52 British Journal of Criminology [...]
DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azs032
This paper extends Tyler’s procedural justice model of public compliance with the law. Analysing data from a national probability sample of adults in England and Wales, we present a new conceptualization of legitimacy based on not just the recognition of power, but also the justification of power. We find that people accept the police’s right to dictate appropriate behaviour not only when they feel a duty to obey officers, but also when they believe that the institution acts according to a shared moral purpose with citizens. Highlighting a number of different routes by which institutions can influence citizen behaviour, our broader normative model provides a better framework for explaining why people are willing to comply with the law.
ISBN: 0007-0955
C Hoyle, 'Will She Be Safe? A Critical Analysis of Risk Assessment inDomestic Violence Cases' (2008) 30 Children and Youth Services Review 323
Courses
The courses we offer in this field are:
Postgraduate
MSc
Criminology and Criminal Justice
Please visit the course pages on the Centre for Criminology's dedicated website.
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Criminology and Criminal Justice (Research Methods)
Please visit the course pages on the Centre for Criminology's dedicated website.
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MPhil
Criminology and Criminal Justice
Please visit the course pages on the Centre for Criminology's dedicated website.
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People
Criminology teaching is organized by a Subject Group convened by:
Rachel Condry: UL in Criminology
in conjunction with:
Andrew Ashworth, QC: Vinerian Professor of English Law
Mary Bosworth: Reader in Criminology
Carolyn Hoyle: Professor of Criminology
Ian Loader: Professor of Criminology
David Nelken: Visiting Professor
Julian Roberts: Professor of Criminology
Lucia Zedner: Professor of Criminal Justice
Also working in this field, but not involved in its teaching programme:
Clara Feliciati: DPhil Law student
Roger Hood: Emeritus Professor of Criminology and Fellow of All Souls College, and former Director of the Centre for Criminological Research
George Mawhinney: DPhil Law student
Michelle Miao: DPhil Law student
Gavin Smith:
Federico Varese: Professor of Criminology
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Criminology and Criminal Justice
News
Funding awarded for new Criminology research project
Dr Mary Bosworth has been awarded a €1.2 million Starter Grant from the European Research Council to conduct a five-year project on “Subjectivity, Identity and Penal Power: Incarceration in a Global Age” [more…]
Discussion Groups
These self-sustaining groups are an essential part of the life of our graduate school. They are organised in some cases by graduate students and in others by Faculty members and meet regularly during term, typically over a sandwich lunch, when one of the group presents work in progress or introduces a discussion of a particular issue or new case. They may also encompass guest speakers from the faculty and beyond.
Publications
Showing selected publications sorted by title [change this]
Showing key publications in this field, as selected by the author
Change to sort them by year | name | type OR
Show All 75 | Recent publications
A Ashworth and L H Zedner, Defending the Criminal Law: Reflections on the Changing Character of Crime, Procedure and Sanctions (2, Criminal Law and Philosophy 2008) [...]
DOI: 10.1007/s11572-007-9033-2
Re-assessment of the trend away from traditional criminal law and criminal procedure, and re-assertion of the normative significance of criminal law principles and protections.
ISBN: 1871-9791
A Ashworth, 'Departures from the Sentencing Guidelines' [2012] Criminal Law Review [...]
A critique of the law and practice relating to departues from the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales
ISBN: 0011-135X
L Zedner, 'Erring on the side of safety: Risk assessment, expert knowledge, and the criminal court' in I Dennis & GR Sullivan (eds), Seeking Security: Pre-empting the Commission of Criminal Harms (Hart Publishing 2012)
M Bosworth, Inside Immigration Detention: Foreigners in a Carceral Age (Oxford University Press 2014) (forthcoming)
N Lacey, 'Political Systems and Criminal Justice: The Prisoners\' Dilemma After the Coalition ' (2012) Current Legal Problems
N Lacey, The Prisoners\' Dilemma: Political Economy and Punishment in Contemporary Democracies (Cambridge University Press 2008)
Courses
The courses we offer in this field are:
Undergraduate
FHS - Final Year (Phase III)
The degree is awarded on the basis of nine final examinations at the end of the three-year course (or four years in the case of Law with Law Studies in Europe) and (for students who began the course in October 2011 or later) an essay in Jurisprudence written over the summer vacation at the end of the second year. Note: the Jurisprudence exam at the end of the third year is correspondingly shorter. This phase of the Final Honour School includes the first and second term of the final year; the Final Examinations are taken in the third term of the final year.
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Criminology and Criminal Justice
Why are criminal laws made? Why are they broken? How do we, and how should we, react to the breaking of criminal laws? These three questions are the stuff of criminology. They also occupy a central and controversial place in public and political debates about the condition and future of contemporary liberal democratic societies. This course provides students with the chance to study them in depth.
Criminology and Criminal Justice offers students an opportunity to study crime and the ways in which it is dealt with by the criminal justice and penal systems. It enables students to explore the nature of crime and its control by examining the issues at stake using the resources of legal, penal and social theory. It also offers students the chance to think about crime as a social phenomenon and to explore using criminological research and analysis how criminal justice and penal systems operate in practice.
The course is structured as follows: 22 lectures – 10 each in Michaelmas and Hilary terms, and two revision lectures on current controversies in criminal justice in Trinity Term; four classes and four tutorials (two of each in Michaelmas and Hilary Term).
Lectures, classes and tutorials are provided by several academics from the Law Faculty who are also members of the Centre for Criminology.
More information about the Centre for Criminology, including the All Souls Criminology Seminar Series, can be found on the Centre's website.
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Diploma in Legal Studies
A one-year sample of courses from our BA programmes, aimed only at students visiting from our partner universities.
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Criminology and Criminal Justice
Why are criminal laws made? Why are they broken? How do we, and how should we, react to the breaking of criminal laws? These three questions are the stuff of criminology. They also occupy a central and controversial place in public and political debates about the condition and future of contemporary liberal democratic societies. This course provides students with the chance to study them in depth.
Criminology and Criminal Justice offers students an opportunity to study crime and the ways in which it is dealt with by the criminal justice and penal systems. It enables students to explore the nature of crime and its control by examining the issues at stake using the resources of legal, penal and social theory. It also offers students the chance to think about crime as a social phenomenon and to explore using criminological research and analysis how criminal justice and penal systems operate in practice.
The course is structured as follows: 22 lectures – 10 each in Michaelmas and Hilary terms, and two revision lectures on current controversies in criminal justice in Trinity Term; four classes and four tutorials (two of each in Michaelmas and Hilary Term).
Lectures, classes and tutorials are provided by several academics from the Law Faculty who are also members of the Centre for Criminology.
More information about the Centre for Criminology, including the All Souls Criminology Seminar Series, can be found on the Centre's website.
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Postgraduate
BCL
Our taught postgraduate programme, designed to serve outstanding law students from common-law backgrounds
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Punishment, Security and the State
The proposed course aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the theoretical underpinnings, justifications, and contemporary practices of punishment and security. The subject is approached from criminological, socio-legal, philosophical, and historical perspectives. The course explores the role of the state in the exercise of its most coercive functions against individual citizens – whether punishing those found guilty of criminal wrongdoing or taking security measures against those deemed to pose a risk to the safety of the public and the nation.
In Michaelmas Term it will focus on ‘why we punish’ by examining major debates in penal theory concerning the justification and rationale for punishment (not least desert theory and its critics, communicative and consequentialist theories). The second half of the term will consider ‘how we punish’ by exploring diverse social, economic and political aspects of punishment and examining whether it is possible to do justice to difference.
In Hilary Term the focus will shift from punishment to the pursuit of security and critically examine what is meant by security (whether, for example, as pursuit, commodity, or public good). Successive seminars will consider whether the growth of markets in private security and the development of communal and personal security provision evidence the fragmentation or dispersal of state power. They will go on to examine exercises in state sovereignty in the name of risk management, counterterrorism, and migration and border control. These reassertions of state power permit significant intrusions into individual freedom and the deployment of exceptional measures and the course will address important questions about the limits of legality and the balancing of liberty and security.
In Trinity Term two final seminars will provide an opportunity for critical reflection and engagement with issues raised throughout the course. The first will examine the case for ‘civilizing security’ and consider how security should be pursued, distributed, and governed and by whom; the second returns to the question of punishment to explore the notion of penal excess and the case for penal moderation.
The course will be taught by 12 seminars and 4 tutorials spread across Michaelmas and Hilary Terms (six seminars and two tutorials in each) with 2 further summative seminars in Trinity providing an opportunity for critical reflection on the whole course. The standard exam for the BCL (ie, 3 hour closed book) will be set.
The focus of teaching will be the weekly seminar which all those taking the course are required to attend. Students will be expected to read and think about the assigned materials in advance of the seminar. The seminar will be introduced by a Faculty member, followed by discussion, usually based around a set of questions distributed in advance. In addition the Centre for Criminology organizes seminars during the academic year at which distinguished invited speakers discuss current research or major issues of policy. This programme is advertised on the Centre's website and all students are encouraged to attend.
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MJur
Our taught postgraduate programme, designed to serve outstanding law students from civil law backgrounds.
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Punishment, Security and the State
The proposed course aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the theoretical underpinnings, justifications, and contemporary practices of punishment and security. The subject is approached from criminological, socio-legal, philosophical, and historical perspectives. The course explores the role of the state in the exercise of its most coercive functions against individual citizens – whether punishing those found guilty of criminal wrongdoing or taking security measures against those deemed to pose a risk to the safety of the public and the nation.
In Michaelmas Term it will focus on ‘why we punish’ by examining major debates in penal theory concerning the justification and rationale for punishment (not least desert theory and its critics, communicative and consequentialist theories). The second half of the term will consider ‘how we punish’ by exploring diverse social, economic and political aspects of punishment and examining whether it is possible to do justice to difference.
In Hilary Term the focus will shift from punishment to the pursuit of security and critically examine what is meant by security (whether, for example, as pursuit, commodity, or public good). Successive seminars will consider whether the growth of markets in private security and the development of communal and personal security provision evidence the fragmentation or dispersal of state power. They will go on to examine exercises in state sovereignty in the name of risk management, counterterrorism, and migration and border control. These reassertions of state power permit significant intrusions into individual freedom and the deployment of exceptional measures and the course will address important questions about the limits of legality and the balancing of liberty and security.
In Trinity Term two final seminars will provide an opportunity for critical reflection and engagement with issues raised throughout the course. The first will examine the case for ‘civilizing security’ and consider how security should be pursued, distributed, and governed and by whom; the second returns to the question of punishment to explore the notion of penal excess and the case for penal moderation.
The course will be taught by 12 seminars and 4 tutorials spread across Michaelmas and Hilary Terms (six seminars and two tutorials in each) with 2 further summative seminars in Trinity providing an opportunity for critical reflection on the whole course. The standard exam for the BCL (ie, 3 hour closed book) will be set.
The focus of teaching will be the weekly seminar which all those taking the course are required to attend. Students will be expected to read and think about the assigned materials in advance of the seminar. The seminar will be introduced by a Faculty member, followed by discussion, usually based around a set of questions distributed in advance. In addition the Centre for Criminology organizes seminars during the academic year at which distinguished invited speakers discuss current research or major issues of policy. This programme is advertised on the Centre's website and all students are encouraged to attend.
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People
Criminology and Criminal Justice teaching is organized by a Subject Group convened by:
Julian Roberts: Professor of Criminology
in conjunction with:
Andrew Ashworth, QC: Vinerian Professor of English Law
Mary Bosworth: Reader in Criminology
Rachel Condry: UL in Criminology
Carolyn Hoyle: Professor of Criminology
Liora Lazarus: CUF Lecturer
Ian Loader: Professor of Criminology
Nicola Palmer: Junior Research Fellow in Global Justice
Lucia Zedner: Professor of Criminal Justice
assisted by:
George Mawhinney: DPhil Law student
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